http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/news-and-features/features/technology/e3id9de17c1ffdb9551971e200f812cd2fa
Oct 11, 2010
-By Bill Mead, Digital Cinema Editor
This past August, Texas Instruments announced they had begun shipping 4K DLP Cinema devices to their partner manufacturers, Christie, Barco and NEC, and almost immediately the manufacturers announced they were demonstrating 4K DLP Cinema projectors to customers with rave reviews. No doubt, TI’s other DLP Cinema manufacturing partners will be making future announcements about availability of 4K DLP Cinema projectors. It’s likely many new 4K-capable products will be featured at ShowEast.
Of course, Sony―4K’s pioneer and prime mover―will be at ShowEast with their third-generation SXRD 4K projector. We recently visited with the Sony Digital Cinema team at their headquarters in Japan and learned more about their technology and products, and took a tour of the production facility where they build the projectors.
First, a few thoughts on where 4K is going.
4K is increasingly being discussed possibly not only because of the DLP Cinema 4K announcement, but because as digital exhibition matures, there is a growing understanding of where 4K projection is justified in today’s cinemas. Now that 3D has become almost commonplace, we are seeing a renewed interest in improving the 2D experience—and higher resolution is the obvious route. While 3D has eclipsed all other presentation issues in the past few years, and has done wonderful things for exhibitors, it is not for everyone and every title. 3D is great simply because it is 3D, but unfortunately falls short in other visual aspects. Bright 2D in 4K, which doubles the horizontal and vertical resolution of 2K, seems to be finding its rightful place at the top end of the exhibitor’s presentation options. Plus, you don’t have to wear the glasses!
The benefits of 4K projection depend largely on content, and relatively few people have actually seen true 4K—that is, images captured and delivered in 4K. While there are benefits to using a 4K projector when showing 2K content (less pixel structure or more light due to their design), seeing end-to-end 4K is a truly unique experience and can look strikingly good even from the back of the auditorium. The good news is that more 4K is coming. With over 50 4K releases so far, the rate is expected to accelerate as more post-production facilities adopt 4K workflows.
When 4K DCI packages and 4K projection become commonplace, Sony will rightly receive the credit for getting the ball rolling. From the start, Sony has insisted that 4K was needed in cinemas. Maybe driven by insight into where consumer formats are going, Sony representatives worked with industry groups to develop standards and practices that promote 4K and 3D production workflows. Choosing to develop SXRD display technology instead of licensing the DLP Cinema technology was a bold move. Since DLP Cinema was already accepted by the studios and community, Sony had to start from scratch on proving their image quality.
Sony is pushing forward, gaining commitments and making more 4K deliveries around the world. As for this fall, Sony has over 4,000 installations around the globe and at the current rate of installations, expects to hit 6,000 in early 2011. Approximately 2,500 of these installations are under studio VPF (virtual print fee) agreements which Sony manages. In the U.S., Sony has ongoing commitments from AMC, Regal, Muvico, National Amusements and others. In Europe, exhibitors such as Apollo and Vue Cinemas have jumped on board. Most recently in Asia, Sony announced they have secured a commitment to install Sony Digital Cinema 4K projectors in all of Toho’s 545 Japanese auditoriums. Toho is Japan’s largest and probably most conservative exhibitor, so the Toho commitment is quite an accomplishment for Sony.
Sony is also more than a projector and server manufacturer, providing the software and servers to run them, as well as a “managed services” approach for customers who can choose to buy a product, or buy it together with financing options through VPF deals with the studios. In addition, customers can turn to Sony for digital signage, including displays, controllers, software, installation, monitoring, maintenance, content creation and distribution.
Sony also has been increasing their production capacity for their current SRX-R320 Series 4K projector. During our July visit to Sony’s R&D campus in Atsugi and factory in Kosai, we discovered they are going to extraordinary measures to build a quality product to ensure customer satisfaction.
Located outside of Tokyo, Sony’s Atsugi facility is their primary research and development center. Here, a team of individuals dedicated specifically to digital cinema provide product design and customer support for Sony sales offices around the world. Team members at the Atsugi facility also coordinate the worldwide VPF business agreements that were negotiated with the Hollywood studios through Sony’s Los Angeles office.
The projectors are manufactured at the plant that builds virtually all of Sony’s professional products, located near Hamamatsu, a small resort town on Japan’s central seacoast. Sony’s Kosai site is an impressive state-of-the-art manufacturing facility. Around 10% of the company’s factory production capability is devoted to digital-cinema projectors and servers, with the other 90% used for Sony broadcast HD cameras, recorders and other related components.
At the time of our visit, the factory was producing 28 projectors a day in a clean-room production environment that was run like clockwork, with the progress of each projector being assembled tracked on a LED display above the production floor. The critical sub-assemblies, particularly the optical block, server and related components, are all coordinated and tested in advance of being integrated into the final assembly. The line workers are guided through each assembly step by instructions displayed on LCD panels, while using tools such as smart screwdrivers that know what they are doing and how many turns to give each particular screw.
The SXRD display panels are manufactured at a separate Sony semiconductor facility located in the southern region of Japan. While the company was a bit cautious about revealing too many details of the SXRD panel, we were told that Sony is now on its fifth generation of SXRD display device design, with each newer version being of higher performance, with higher contrast and stability and longer life. The SRX-R320 projector is air-cooled, thereby simplifying design and maintenance. Instead of conventional liquid cooling, each of the three display devices is kept within its temperature range by Peltier device, which acts as a solid-state heat pump.
A separate quality-control team works independently of the production line, randomly testing the output. In one special room, there were 15 SRX-R320 projectors that had been randomly pulled from the first production run undergoing stringent 24/7 testing. Each projector had installed in its light path a housing containing a target screen and monitored with a camera so any deviation in image quality would be immediately detected. All 15 projectors were being cycled through what would be a normal daily multiplex use cycle. This batch of projectors has been running for several months and will continue presumably through their full life. The objective is to find and resolve any unforeseen component aging problems before they become an issue with customers.
Our visit to the Sony manufacturing facility in Kosai along with the Atsugi R&D campus opened our eyes to the resources Sony has dedicated to the cinema market and how deep the engineering talent goes within the organization.
TI’s support of the 4K option is a perfect example of how competition between technology providers has driven exhibition presentation quality ahead and has kept the DCI-specified format clearly ahead of consumer formats. Support from multiple vendors is a significant stepping stone for 4K in general, as the competition that actually creates the market. TI’s DLP division announced their roadmap supporting 4K in June 2009 and now the industry has the opportunity to evaluate the two in the marketplace. There is nothing better than the real-world application to sort out where 4K fits into the marketplace and who has the best approach.
TI providing a 4K option is good for Sony as well. One of the early obstacles that cinema technology providers have had to face was Hollywood’s reluctance on relying on single-source technical solutions. The studios prefer competition among their vendors. Competition among technology suppliers is healthy for the industry, drives costs down and performance up. With a DLP solution as well as the Sony SXRD approach, 4K becomes its own category independent of Sony or any other vendor.
The question of how much difference 4K means to the average exhibitor is a matter of opinion. Advocates believe in the benefits of 4K even when playing 2K content, such as less visible pixel structure when viewed up-close, and smoother images due to the up-scaling in the projector. From a marketing standpoint, 4K is one more enticement—like the many other theatre amenities that exhibitors can use for differentiation. 4K’s value in bringing people in will depend largely on marketing efforts to promote 4K awareness. Right now, 3D is the big marketing draw; promoting 4K and 3D now would cause confusion.
The visual advantages of 4K images over standard 2K images are hard to quantify. The general understanding is that adding more resolution is better up to a point, but then the costs begin to outweigh the benefits. Conventional thinking is that only the first few rows benefit from 4K, while Sony counters that modern auditoriums place the viewer much closer to the screen than industry guidelines recommend, so much more of the audience would see visual benefits in 4K projection. Many auditoriums place seats less than one picture height from the screen, while industry research on visual acuity suggests that the benefits of 4K resolution extend back to possibly as much as three picture heights. If true, it’s not just the first few rows that will see benefits from 4K, but a good deal of the auditorium.
Today, routine 4K production is not commonplace and the vast majority of DCPs are standard 2K, leaving most 4K projectors up-scaling 2K content. With true end-to-end 4K content, some viewers complain that 4K is too sharp, and the images don’t look cinematic enough. This is clearly a creative issue, but it is better to have “resolution headroom” in the projector, and creatively manage the intended overall sharpness during production and the post process. In principle, the projector in the cinema should not be the limitation in resolution seen by the audience.
Higher resolution projection was bound to happen. The number of pixels keeps going up in every other consumer display device and cinema exhibition can’t afford to be an exception. For the auditoriums that justify it, 4K is now an available option. Thanks to companies like Sony and the many other companies now following their lead to provide better cinema technologies, the filmmakers, exhibitors and audiences all win in a global race-to-the-top in presentation quality.
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